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Fermentation is a time-tested method for preserving vegetables, fruits, dairy, and even beverages like kombucha.
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Canning involves placing food in airtight jars or containers and heating them to kill bacteria and seal in freshness.
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Drying foods, whether through air drying, sun drying, or using a dehydrator, removes the moisture that bacteria and mould need to grow.
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Freezing is one of the simplest and most effective ways to preserve fresh produce, meats, and prepared dishes.
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Pickling involves soaking food in a brine (salt water) or vinegar solution, which creates an acidic environment that inhibits bacterial growth.
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Salting food draws moisture out, which is essential for preventing the growth of bacteria and mould.
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Sugar, like salt, can draw moisture out of food and create an environment where bacteria cannot thrive.
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Smoking is another natural method, often used for meats and fish. The smoke from burning wood imparts a distinct flavour and helps preserve the food.
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Each of these methods offers a way to extend the shelf life of food naturally.